American Counseling Association, "A Practitioner's Guide to Ethical Decision Making"
Notable for including a regression step, for offering an early exit, for recognizing that multiple solutions may be required, and for relying heavily on the profession (colleagues, codes, literature)
SOURCE FOR THE PROCEDURE
Forester-Miller, Holly and Thomas Davis. "A Practitioner's Guide to Ethical Decision Making." 1996. http://www.counseling.org/resources/pracguide.htm (8 Jun. 1999).
THE PROCEDURE ITSELF
- Identify the problem.
- Outline the facts, separating out innuendoes, assumptions, hypotheses or suspicions.
- Ask questions.
- Is it an ethical, legal, professional, and/or clinical problem?
- Is the issue related to me, to my client, and/or is it a question of policy?
- Apply the ACA Code of Ethics.
- For problems that are clear and simple, follow the applicable standards given in the Code.
- If the problem is complex or ambiguous, continue with the remaining steps.
- Determine the nature and dimensions of the dilemma.
- Consider the moral principles of autonomy, nonmaleficence, beneficence, justice, and fidelity.
- Decide which principles apply.
- Determine which principle takes priority.
- Review the relevant professional literature to ensure that you are using the most current professional thinking in reaching a decision.
- Consult with experienced professional colleagues and/or supervisors.
- Consult your state or national professional associations to see if they can provide help with the dilemma.
- Generate potential courses of action.
- Brainstorm, considering all options.
- Enlist the assistance of at least one colleague to help you generate options.
- Consider the potential consequences of all options and determine a course of action.
- Evaluate each option and assess the potential consequences for all parties involved.
- Eliminate the options that clearly do not give the desired results or cause even more problematic consequences.
- Review the remaining options to determine which option or combination of options best fits the situations and addresses the priorities you have identified.
- Evaluate the selected course of action.
- Apply three simple tests.
- Would you treat others the same in this situation?
- Would you want your behavior reported to the press?
- Would you recommend the same course of action to other counselors in the same situation?
- If you answered "yes" to all three questions, proceed to the next step. If not, go back to the beginning.
- Implement the course of action.
- Strengthen your ego.
- Perform the action.
- Assess the results.
WALT'S CHECKLIST
The same checklist was applied to all procedures.
- This method is most useful when the DECISION-MAKER ...
- can tolerate ambiguity, complexity or conflict [step 3]
- has a working knowledge of several ethical theories [step 3a]
- has easy access to advisors, consultants or role-players [steps 3c and 4b]
- has plenty of time for investigation and analysis [step 5]
- is skilled in case-based, precedent-based or example-based reasoning [step 3d]
- is skilled in causal or consequential reasoning [step 5a]
- is skilled in conflict- or dilemma-resolution methods [step 3]
- is skilled in the application of general ethical principles to specific cases [steps 3a and 6a]
- This method is most useful in a SITUATION ...
- that will change little over time
- where much is at stake
- where the decision-maker is also a stakeholder
- This method is most useful when STAKEHOLDERS ...
- share ethical codes or policies [steps 1b, 2, and 3d]
- share ethical principles [steps 3a and 6a]
- share laws and legal precedents [step 1b]